PHYSICS FORM TWO TOPIC 5: SIMPLE MACHINES

Simple Machines

A simple machine is a non-powered mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. A simple machine uses a single applied force to do work against a single load force. Ignoring friction losses, the work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force.

Concept of Simple Machines

Nowadays man can do many things without necessarily using much of his own energy. Many can fly by using aeroplane, raise a heavy load, and drive a nail into wood by using a hammer. All of these are achieved using machines.

The Concept of a Simple Machine

Explain the concept of a simple machine

Machine:

Machine is any device, which is used for simplifying work. Examples of machines are: a crowbar, a seesaw, a claw hammer, a pulley and an inclined plane.

Types of machine:

There are two types of machines

1. Simple machine
2. Complex machine

What is simple machine?

Simple machine is any device, which requires single force in operation to simplify work e.g. Claw hammer, a pulley, and an inclined plane. In a simple machine, a force is applied at one convenient point to overcome another force acting at another point.

Simple Machine

The diagram above shows a stone being shifted. Force is applied at one end of the bar in order to exert an upward force on the stone. The down ward force is called effort and the weight of the stone is called load.

Effort is the force used to operate a machine. And Load is the resistance, which machines overcome.

The terms Applied in Simple Machine

Explain the terms applied in simple machine

Terms used in simple machine

Mechanical Advantage

Mechanical advantage (M.A) is the ratio of load and effort

Mathematically:

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Mechanical advantage has no SI unit.

Example 1

Example 1

A simple machine raises a load of 100N by using a force 50N. Calculate the mechanical advantage.

Solution;

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Example 2

Example 2.

A force of 20N raises a load of 100kg. Calculate mechanical advantage of the machine.

Solution

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Velocity ratio

Velocity ratio is the ratio of distance travelled by effort and distance travelled by load. Or Velocity ratio is the distance moved by effort per distance moved by load.

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Example 3

Example

In a certain machine a force of 10N moves down a distance of 5cm in order to raise a load of 100N through a height of 0.5cm calculated the velocity ratio (V.R) of the machine.

Solution:

Distance by Effort = 5cm

Distance moved by load = 0.5cm.

From

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Efficiency of Machine

Efficiency of machine is the ratio of work output and work input.

Work output = Load x Distance moved by Load

Work input = Effort x Distance moved by Effort

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A perfect machine has 100% Efficiency. Therefore M.A is equal to V.R.

Note: most machines are imperfect machines since efficiency is less than 100% this is due to the friction and heat and loss of energy.

Example 4

Example1:

A certain machine with force of 10N moves down a distance of 5cm in order to raise a load of 100N through a height of 0.5cm.

Calculate:

1. M.A
2. V.R
3. Efficiency of machine

Solution:

Date given:

Effort = 10N

Load = 100N

Distance moved by effort = 5cm

Distance of load= 0.5cm

Efficiency machine?

Efficiency of machine () = M.A x 100%

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Different Kinds of Simple Machine

Identify the different kinds of simple machines

Different Kinds of Simple Machines

Types of Simple Machines

• LEVERS
• PULLEYS
• INCLINED PLANE
• THE SCREW AND SCREW JACK
• WHEEL AND AXLE
• HYDRAULIC PRESS

Levers

A lever is a rigid body, which when used turns about a fixed point called a fulcrum or pivot. It is used to shift heavy loads.

The Three Classes of Levers

Identify the three classes of levers

Classes of Levers

There are three classes of levers:

1. First class lever
2. Second class lever
3. Third class lever

First Class Lever

Is the class lever whereby the pivot is between load and effort. Examples of first class levers are: see-saw, crowbar, pair of scissors and claw hammer.

First Class Lever

Second Class Lever

Is the class lever where by load is between pivot and load. eg, wheel barrow, tongs, nutcracker, bottle opener.

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

Is the class lever whereby Effort is between load and pivot. Eg, fishing load.

Third Class Lever

The Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of Lever

Determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of lever

Mechanical Advantage of Lever

M.A =X/Y

M.A =Load arm/Effort arm

Levers in Daily Life

Use of levers in daily life

The reason for a lever is that you can use it for amechanical advantagein lifting heavy loads, moving things a greater distance or increasing the speed of an object.

• Increase force:You can increase the applied force in order to lift heavier loads.
• Increase distance moved
• Increase speed: You can increase the speed that the load moves with Class 1 or Class 3 levers.

Pulleys

A pulley is a grooved wheel, which is free to turn about an axle that is fixed in a frame.

Different Pulley System

Identify different pulley systems

Types of Pulleys

1. Single fixed pulley
2. Single movable pulley
3. The block and tackle system of pulley

Single fixed pulley

This is the type of pulley whereby effort is applied at one end of the tape in order to raise the load. Single fixed pulleys are used to raise small objects e.g. Flags. Consider the diagram below:-

Single fixed Pulley

M.A and V.R of single fixed pulley

Single Movable Pulley

Single movable pulley is the one which load is multiple of Effort.

Load = 2E

Consider the following diagram

Single movable pulley

M.A and V.R of single movable pulley

The block and tackle system of pulley

When two or more pulleys are fixed in a frame, a block is formed. The pulleys in each block are fixed independently on separate axles. Consider the diagram below:-

Block and tackle system of pulley

Note; mechanical advantage = Load/Effort

Velocity ratio of Block and tackle system is equal to the number of pulleys.

Example 5

Example 1

A block and tackle pulley system has a velocity ratio of 4. If a load of 200N is raised by using a force of 75N. Calculate the mechanical (i) Advantage of the system (ii) efficiency of the system.

Solution;

Data given

Velocity ratio (V.R) = 4

Load = 200N

Effort = 75N

M.A =?

M.A and Efficiency of block and tackle pulley system

Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of Pulley System

Determine mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of pulley system

VR of block and tackle

When the lower two pulleys move up a vertical distance y, corresponding to movement y of the load L, each pulley releases a length y of the rope on each side giving a total length 2y.

With all this movement of pulleys, the effort E is moved down a distance of 2 x 2y or 4y.Thus, VR = (distance moved by effort)/(distance moved by load at the same time) = 4y/y = 4

VR = Number of pulleys of the system.

Efficiency of block and tackle

From, ε = MA/VR X 100%

ε = (number of pulleys )/(number of pulleys) x 100%

Note:Then, for a perfect block and tackle pulley system, ε = 100%.

But in practical case the MA is less than the number of pulleys, hence the efficiency of pulleys system is less than 100% due to friction losses.

MA of block and tackle.

From MA = load/effort

MA = (Effort x Number of pulleys of the system)/Effort

MA = Number of pulleys of the system.

Pulley in Daily Life

Use of pulley in daily life

Uses of Pulleys

Pulleys have been used for lifting for thousands of years. The most prevalent and oldest example are their uses on ships and boats. The block and tackle have been a key tool for raising sails and cargo. Another major use for pulleys is withcranes.

Pulleys have been used also in modern times with various machines and systems. Even in the space age, pulleys have been an important aspect for the construction and operations of spacecraft and aircraft. It is with a pulley system that rudders for an aircraft are controlled.

Pulleys are used in everyday life, from vehicles to moving equipment such as cranes.

Inclined Plane

The Concept of Inclined Plane

State the concept of inclined plane

An inclined plane is a sloping plane surface, usually a wooden plank used to raise heavy load by pulling or pushing them along the surface of the plane.

An inclined plane

Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of Inclined Plane

Determine mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of inclined plane

Mechanical advantage of the inclined plane

M.A = Load/Effort

V.R of inclined plane = Length of the plane/Height of the plane

Example 6

Example:

A loaded wheelbarrow of weight 800N is pushed up an inclined plane by a force of 150N parallel to the plane. If the plane rises by 50cm for every 400cm distance measured along the plane, find the velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency of the plane.

Solution:

Data given

Load = 800N

Effort = 150N

Length of plane = 400cm

Height of the plane = 50cm

V.R =?

M.A=?

=?

M.A, V.R and Efficiency of Inclined Plane

Inclined Plane in Daily Life

Apply inclined plane in daily life

Application of Inclined Plane

Inclined planes are widely used in the form ofloading rampsto load and unload goods on trucks, ships, and planes.Wheelchair rampsare used to allow people inwheelchairsto get over vertical obstacles without exceeding their strength.Escalatorsand slantedconveyor beltsare also forms of inclined plane.

In a funicular or cable railway a railroad car is pulled up a steep inclined plane using cables. Inclined planes also allow heavy fragile objects, including humans, to be safely lowered down a vertical distance by using the normal force of the plane to reduce the gravitational force. Aircraft evacuation slides allow people to rapidly and safely reach the ground from the height of a passenger airliner.

Screw Jack

The Structure of a Screw Jack

Describe the structure of a Screw Jack

Structure of Screw Jack

A screw Jack consist of a cylinder with a spiral ridge runs round it. The spiral is called the thread (T) and the distance between two adjacent threads is called the pitch (p) of the screw.

Consider the following diagram.

The bolt and screw

The Screw Jack

The Mechanichal Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of a Screw Jack

Determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a Screw Jack

Mechanical advantage of the screw jack

M.A = Load/Effort

Velocity ratio (V.R)

V.R = Circumference of circle of radius (R)/Pitch of screw

V.R = 2pR/P

Example 7

Example 1

A screw jack with a pitch of 0.2cm and a handle of length 50cm is used to lift a car of weight 1.2 x 10⁴N. If the efficiency of the screw is 30%, find:

1. The velocity ratio and mechanical Advantage of the machine
2. The effort required to raise the car

Solution;

Date given

Pitch = 0.2cm

Radius= 50cm

Load = 1.2 x10⁴N

Efficiency of jack =30%

V.R=?

M.A=?

Effort+?

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The Screw Jack in Daily Life

Use the Screw Jack in daily life

Screw jacks are used to lift heavy loads despite the large friction they produce. The heavier the load the higher the friction force. They are self-locking, meaning that when the applied force is removed, they do not rotate backwards. They are used in adjusting workplace chairs and tables. They also help in pulling and pushing machine equipment as well as tightening mechanical parts.

Wheel and Axle

The Structure of a Wheel and Axle

Describe the structure of a wheel and axle

Structure of Wheel and Axle

A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of a wheel and axle mounted with the same axis of rotation. The radius of the wheel is always greater than that of the axle.

Consider the diagram below:

Wheel and Axle

The Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of a Wheel and Axle

Determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a wheel and axle

Mechanical advantage of Wheel and Axle

M.A = Load/Effort

Velocity ratio ( V.R)= radius of wheel (R)/radius of axle (r)

Example 8

Example 1

A wheel and axle of efficiency 80% is used to raise a load of 2000N. If the radius of the wheel is 50cm, and that of the axle is 2cm, calculate

1. The velocity ratio and mechanical Advantage of machine
2. The effort required to overcome the load

Solution

Data given

Efficiency = 80%

Load = 2000N

Radius of wheel (R)= 50cm

Radius of axle (r) = 2cm

V.R=?

M.A=?

Effort?

–

The Wheel and Axle in Daily Life

Use the wheel and axle in daily life

Application of Wheel and Axle

Wheels help people do work in two ways. First, likeleversorinclined planes, wheels allow you to do something easy for a longer time, instead of doing something hard for a shorter time. If you turn a large wheel fixed to an axle, the axle will also turn. You can turn the large wheel easily (but it takes a lot of turning to go all the way around).

The axle will go around a much shorter distance, but with more force. So you can use a wheel to create a mechanical advantage – you can turn something heavy, by spinning a large wheel attached to an axle that is attached to the heavy thing.

That’s how a pencil sharpener works. Or, you can do it the other way around – use a lot of force to turn the axle, and that will spin the wheels really fast. That’s what cars do.Wheels are the most important part of pottery wheels, wagons and cars, but also ofwheelbarrows,spinning wheels, water wheels, windmills, andpulleys.

Also, wheels on a wagon only touch the ground at one spot at a time, keeping the rest of the wagon off the ground. This makes lessfriction, so that the wagon is easier to move than if you were pulling it along like a sled.

Hydraulic press

The Structure of Hydraulic Press

Describe the structure of Hydraulic Press

Structure of Hydraulic Press

A hydraulic press is a machine that has a bed or a plate in which the metallic material is placed so that it can be crushed, straightened or moulded.

Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency of a Hydraulic Press

Determine mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a Hydraulic Press

In hydraulic press small force (Effort) applied on the small piston is used to overcome a much greater force (load) on the large piston.

When a small effort (E) is applied downwards on the effort piston of radius (r) the load piston of radius (R) lifts the load (L).

Consider the diagram below:

Hydraulic Press

By the principle of transmission of pressure in liquid, the pressure on effort piston is equal to the load piston.

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VELOCITY RATIO OF HYDRAULIC PRESS

If friction is neglected the work done by the effort E is equal to the work done on the load (L). So if the effort piston is moved by distance x and the load piston raised up by a corresponding distance Y, it follows:

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Note: Due to friction, efficiency of the hydraulic press is not 100%

The Hydraulic Press in Daily Life

Use the Hydraulic Press in daily life

Uses of a Hydraulic Press

A hydraulic press is used for almost all industrial purposes. But basically it is used for transforming metallic objects into sheets of metal. In other industries, it is used for the thinning of glass, making powders in case of the cosmetic industry and for forming the tablets for medical use. The other common uses of the hydraulic presses are as follows:

For crushing cars

A hydraulic press is the heart of any car crushing system. In this process, a hydraulic motor applies a large pressure on the fluids into the cylinders. The fluid pressure makes the plates rise and with a large force, the plate is driven on the car thereby crushing it.

Fat-free cocoa powder

While processing the cocoa beans, a liquid known as chocolate liquor is derived. For making fat-free cocoa powder, this liquid is squeezed out in a hydraulic press. After this stage, this liquid is processed further to make a powder. The powder thus derived is cocoa powder, which is fat-free.

For sword making

In the process of making swords, a hydraulic press is used to give a flat shape to the raw steel.

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