Missionaries in Zimbabwe (Questions and Answers) msomimaktaba, May 3, 2021 [Specimen]56 [a]. List any six problems faced by missionaries in Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [6]DiseasesPoor transport and communicationOpposition of African leadersOpposition of Moslems/SwahiliLanguage barrierTraditional religionFood supplies were scarce[b]. Describe the work of missionary organizations which operated in Zimbabwe 1850 and 1900. [11]London missionary society came to Matabeleland after some earlier contacts south of Limpopo1859 J.S .Moffat established a mission at InyathiOpened a church and a school to convert and teach the Ndebele Society1870 LMS opened another station at Hope Fountain for the same purposesMissionaries involved besides Moffat were Thompson, Sykes, Charles Helm and David Carnegie1882 the Roman Catholics came to Matabeleland when the Jesuits opened Empandeni under father Bartholomew knoot1879 a catholic mission was established by Fr Law at Mzila but it later failed1891 the Anglican Church led by Knight Bruce came to Mashonaland. Their first mission station at St AugustinesLater the Jesuits established a mission at ChishawashaThe American Board of the church of Christ came to Eastern Zimbabwe and opened a mission station at Mt Selinda[Chirinda]Other missionary groups who came were the Methodists, whose earliest mission was Old Mutare.Between 1860 and 1890 missionaries representing the DRC, Paris Evangelical Mission and the Berlin Missionary Society to work, e,g the DRC was well represented in the Masvingo area.Main activities of the missionaries included conversion to Christianity, education [3Rs], translations, medicine, technical work, mediating between Africans andother Europeans.[c]. To what extent did the missionaries succeed in their work in this period?[8]Education developed in areas where the African society was not tightly controlledIn Matabeleland missionaries only mad in-roads after Lobengula was crushed in the 1893 Anglo-Ndebele warAs technicians they did much even in Matabeleland,e,g repair guns.At first few Africans accepted Christianity ,better reception in MashonalandMany hospitals were opened and served Africans who were then sidelined by the Government after 1890.Many Africans remained sceptical of the missionaries and in some areas they made no progress.In Matabeleland they took their role as link people with other Europeans to an extreme. They became main agents in the plots to dislodge the Ndebele and occupy Zimbabwe.[Nov 2003] [a]. List any six aims of missionaries who came into Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [6]To spread ChristianityTo promote legitimate tradeTo end slavery, end civil warsTo civilize the local peopleTo teach people to read and write To promote European ruleTo teach new farming methods, new skills e,g carpentry[b]. Describe the activities of the missionaries in achieving their aims? [11]The London Missionary Society established Inyathi Mission in 1859 led by J.s MoffatIn 1870 LMS opened another mission at Hope FountainAt the missions the missionaries taught and preached the gospelBooks in Ndebele were printedThey grew food cropsThe Roman Catholic Church also opened missions at Empandeni near BulawayoAfrican evangelists and catechists from Transvaal and Lesotho sent missionaries to Mashonaland e,g the Dutch Reformed Church, Berlin Missionary Society and the Paris Evangelical Mission. Some permanent mission stations were established e,g at Chivi, Matibe, Mposi. At Chivi it was short lived.Anglican church established the Diocese of Mashonaland in 1882 led by Knight BruceAfter 1890 some stations were established along the eastern borders: Mt Chirinda Mutambara Mission, Mary Mount, St Augustines, Nyanga [Marist Brothers] Missions, Regina Coel Mission.[c]. How successful were these missionaries in achieving their aims? [8][i] Failures:Suspected converts were punishedYearned for destruction of Ndebele state which resisted ChristianityAfricans unwilling to abandon traditional religion[ii]. SuccessesS. Moffat and C. Helm helped C.J. Rhodes to colonise Mashonaland and MatabelelandPromoted trade between Whites and AfricansBetween 1890 and 1900 converts started to increase in numbersEstablished few missionsTaught few people to read and writeConverted few to Christianity [June 2004] Name three missionary organisations and their respective missions stations in Zimbabwe in the 19th century. [6]London Missionary Society –Inyathi, Hope Fountain.Roman Catholic Church-EmpandeniThe Dutch Reformed Church-Morgenster Mission[b]. Describe the work of three missionary organisations in Zimbabwe in this period.[11]1859 J.S Moffat, son of Mzilikazi’s friend Robert Moffat, allowed to open Mission station at Inyathi near Bulawayo. Lobengula later allowed the London Missionary Society to further open another mission at Hope Fountain.Missionaries of the LMS engaged in teaching, preaching and literary workisiNdebele books were printedmore LMS missionaries like Thompson, Sykes, Helm and Carnegie arrivedLMS missionaries were given land to grow crops and to repair guns ,inoculate cattle, treat the sick write Lobengula’s lettersIn turn missionaries were allowed to preach among the NdebeleThe Roman Catholic Church‘s Jesuits missionaries founded a mission at Empandeni un 1887 near present day Plumtree. Under the leadership of Peter Prestige and Andre Hartmann, their mission struggled with very limited success. This forced it to close in 1889, only to re-open the mission in 1895 after defeat and conquest of the Ndebele kingdomThis followed Fr B Kroot’s visit to Lobengula in 1882The Jesuits subsequently established another mission station near BulawayoThe Jesuits also engaged in teaching, preaching and literary workThe Dutch Reformed Church of South African evangelists- to the Eastern part of Mashonaland between 1860 and 1890African evangelists were used because of fears that Lobengula would not welcome whitesDRC evangelists were Michael Buys –approached the Govera Chief, Zimuto [the second].Subsequently established mission at Morgenster Mission near Masvingo[c]. How far were the missionaries successful in their work?Missionaries were largely unsuccessful in especially converting people to ChristianityLMS missionaries in Matabeleland made little headway because Christianity was incompatible with Ndebele culture and Ndebele religion was interwoven with politics and military regimentsNdebele economy –partly sustained by raiding which also was incompatible with Christianity preached by missions.Hence converts were suspected and often punishedNdebele society was organised on caste basis which militated against Christian principle of equality, making the Christianity unacceptableAlso in Mashonaland missionaries were not very successfulMissionaries were welcome in Mashonaland around Masvingo but later arrested by LobengulaHowever, missionaries made some headway in literary work and teaching ,reading and writingMissionary work began to make headway after colonisation.[Nov 2004]59 [a]. Identify any six missionaries who worked in Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900.[6]Robert Moffat, J.S. Moffat, Charles Helm, Francois Coillard, William Sykes, Thomas M Thomas, Fr Robert Laws, Knight Bruce, Fr Law, Fr Kroot.[b]. Describe the role played by missionaries in the colonisation of Zimbabwe.[11]1836-Mzilikazi signed a treaty with Robert Moffat- establishing a long term friendship that helped the British in the 1880sThe Moffat Agreement in 1888- in which Lobengula was persuaded to drop the Grobler Treaty –Lobengula agreed to be a friend of the British Queen and not to enter into any agreement without the knowledge of the British. Lobengula thought J.S. Moffat was trustworthy. This treaty signed by a missionary led to the signing of the Rudd Concession.During negotiations ,leading to the Rudd Concession, Rev Charles Helm played a leading role in persuading Lobengula to sign the concessionMissionaries usually played an important role in the link between concession seekers as they spoke local languages.The establishment of missions, e,g Inyathi and Empandeni, helped those who visited Zimbabwe to find a place to stay[flag followed cross]The failure of Missionaries to convert many local people to Christianity resulted in some Missionaries e,g J.S. Moffat, to hate the Ndebele State ….”it will be a blessing to the world when they are broken up”. So in a way encouraged the BSAC to use war to destroy the Ndebele State in order to loosen grip on potential convertsMissionary road to the north from South used by whites, trade –encouraged by Missionary groups attracted whites.[c]. How important was the role played by Missionaries in the colonisation of Zimbabwe? [8][i] Importance of MissionariesHelped in the signing of treatiesPlayed as a link between Rhodes and LobengulaEstablishment of missions which latter brought literacyHad knowledge of the culture of the local peopleGave Africans false sense of security[ii] Other important Factors: Role of traders ,hunters and explorersRhodes and his BSAC regarded the Ndebele State as of strategic importanceThe scramble for Southern Africa increased competition for Zimbabwe as an area rich in goldLack of unity in the state[Ndebele]Weakness of the local people militarilyLack of unity among the Shona.[Nov2005]60 [a]. Identify any six aims of Christian missionaries in Matabeleland in the 19th century. [6]To convert heathen/spread ChristianityTo civilise the AfricansTo turn subsistence cultivators into independent commercial producers and craftsmenTo develop an indigenous middle class to maintain and staff churchesTo promote legitimate tradeTo decampaign slave tradeTo promote equality/unityTo colonise/pave way for colonisation[b]. Describe the work of Christian Missionaries in Matabeleland in the 19th century.[11]Mzilikazi allowed J.S. Moffat to establish a mission at Inyathi near Bulawayo[1859]Lobengula allowed L.MS to open Hope Fountain Mission[1870]Inyathi and Hope Fountain missionaries taught ,preached and wrote IsiNdebele booksCultivated crops on land given by Lobengula respectivelyMissionaries helped Mzilikazi and Lobengula to:Repair gunsInoculate cattleTreat the sickWrite king’s diplomatic lettersOpened Empandeni near BulawayoMissionaries acted as interpreters and advisorsPaved the way to colonisation e,g Charles Helm[c]. To what extent did the missionaries succeed in their work during this period?[i]Successes[limited]:Set up mission stationsIntroduced literacyIntroduced better farming methodsThose who showed interest in message sent to distant places or punished[ii] Failures:Till 1894 when Matabeleland was colonised by B.S.A C, missionaries produced no following among Ndebele after 30 years effort.Ndebele had own religionNdebele economy based on raiding yet Christianity promoted peaceNdebele society had castes yet missionaries preached equalityPotential converts punished/sent to remote areas/those who showed interest in Christian message were sent to distant places or punishedLMS and Jesuits then campaigned for destruction of Ndebele State[Nov 2007]61[a]. Name six early missionary organizations in Zimbabwe during the 19th century [6]London Missionary SocietyRoman Catholic ChurchDutch Reformed ChurchThe Anglican ChurchThe Paris Evangelical ChurchThe Berlin Missionary ChurchAmerican Board of Foreign MissionaryMethodist Church of Zimbabwe[b]. Describe the work of the missionary organization in Mashonaland between 1850 and 1900. [11]Dutch Reformed ChurchAfrican evangelists were trainedFrancois Coillard of the P.E.M. with evangelist Sehahabane /set up a permanent station at Chivi but was short livedBerlin Missionary SocietyMatibe and Mposi stations- set up by evangelists Madzima and Samuel who did the ground workIn 1886/7 German missionaries were Knothe and Schellnus later came and enjoyed some successes, preaching, teaching skills such as reading and writing, agriculture, carpentryBuilding of hospitalsTranslating the bible into local languagesInoculating cattle, repairing guns, crop production, trading, letter writingPublishing booksPaved way for colonisationDiscouraging traditional practicesRoman Catholic ChurchIn 1879, Fr Law , tried to establish a mission station in Chief Mzila ‘s land in the border region between Zimbabwe and Mozambique ,these were asked to convert other AfricansMichael Buys opened a station at Zimuto near Masvingo under Chief Mugabe [Morgenster]Another station was opened at Chief Chivi’s capital and a resident missionary was appointedThey managed to preach ,teach and did literary workParis Evangelical MissionAfrican evangelists and catechists from Lesotho did much of the work ,because it was feared Lobengula would not allow white missionaries to enter MashonalandEvangelist expeditions reached Matibe, Mposi, Mudavanhu, Chingoma, Nyamhondo, Chivi, Mugabe, Chilimanzi and Dzike in south eastern Mashonaland stations were opened at these places and preaching was doneAnglican ChurchKnight Bruce led an exploratory expedition to the Zambezi in 1888.He visited many Shona chiefs .In 1891 established the Diocese of Mashonaland; a station was opened at St Augustines.Church of ChristEstablished a mission station at Chikore and Mt Selinda[Chirinda] in the eastern province of Manicaland[Chipinge][C]. Were Missionaries successful in their work during this period? Explain your answer.[8][i] SuccessesManaged to convert some Africans though to a limited extentPrinted booksTaught people to read and write, technical skills were imported e,g Mposi ,Morgenster, Mzila, St AugustineTraditional practices like polygamy etc were discouragedIntroduction of new crops widened the economyMedical services were made available[ii].FailuresSome missionaries were attacked and left the areaOnly converted very few AfricansAttacked African traditions and divided Africans- Christians and non-ChristiansPower of chiefs undermined because chiefs discouraged conversion to ChristianityFaminediseases[Nov 2008]62[a]. Name any six mission stations established by early European missionaries in Zimbabwe before 1900. [6]Mission Station Inyathi, Empandeni, Mzila, Hope Fountain, Mashayamombe, Chishawasha, St Augustines,Mt Selinda, Old Mutare, Pendamatenka, Rusitu, Holy Cross, Zimuto, Gokomere, Mposi, Chivi, Bernard Mizeki, Morgenster[b].Outline the work of Catholic missionaries in Zimbabwe up to 1900.Jesuits led by Fr Bartholomew Kroot opened Mission at Empandeni and BulawayoUsed by Ndebele to repair guns, treat the sick and write the king’s lettersMissionaries preached to the peopleMissionaries also taught and carried out literary work eg Sindebele books were printed for Ndebele children to readDepelchin led Jesuits to Zambezi Valley and set up a station at Pandamatenka,he built the “Residence of the Holy Cross”Chiwashawasha was founded near Salisbury in 1892Only in the 1895 when many more missions opened were many converts made, after colonisationBuilt numerous churches and many converts made, built numerous churches and many converts accepted Christian standardsBuilt schools that taught reading and writingThey produced grammar books, translated religious and educational books into vernacularsNew crops and vegetables were introduced and new crafts and skills practised e,g carpentry at Chiwashawasha etcTraded with local peoplePaved way for colonisationCondemned African religionNew farming methodsIntroduced livestock breedingFr Prestige supported destruction of the Ndebele state[c].How successful was the work of Catholic Missionaries in Zimbabwe in this period?[8]Successes:Established mission stationsInoculation of cattle transformed African language to written from [Sindebele and Shona]Translated religions and educational booksIntroduced new crops vegetablesNew crafts and skills practisedKnowledge to use new implements e,g Saints and ploughsEstablished schoolsSet up hospitals ,treated the sickIntroduced livestock breedingGot some new convertsAssisted in colonisationFailures:Before colonisation in 1890 made little impact to convert Ndebele ShonaSlave raiding and class system among Ndebele influenced Ndebele kings to discourage conversionProblems of diseases and poor communicationOpposition from Muslims[Nov 2009]63 [a].Name any three missionary societies and their respective leaders who came into Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [6]London Missionary Society—-J.S. Moffat, C Helm, Price, Sykes, ThomasAnglican-Knight BruceBerlin Missionary Society-Madzima and SamuelRoman Catholic Church—Fr Bartholomew Kroot, Fr Law, DepelchinDutch Reformed Church-Michael BuysParis Evangelical Mission-Coillard and Sehahabane[b] Outline the problems experienced by missionaries in Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [11]Tropical diseasesLanguage problems as they tried to communicate with locals/with their home countriesAttacks by animalsLocals resisted ChristianityTransport problemsShortage of food they were used toPressure from political leaders to be involved in colonisationCaught up in the competition among the European countriesShortage of medicinesOpposition from African rulersHuman resource shortage[manpower]Accommodation problems/shelter[c].To what extent had missionaries solved these problems by 1900? [8]Methods to solve problemsMissionaries brought medicineUse of sign language, interpreter from South AfricaSet up schoolsAssisted in the colonisation so that their work to spread Christianity was made easyCreated roadsGrew their own cropsBuilt mission stationsUsed African catechists and evangelistsFriendship with African chiefsCheated some chiefs[I] SuccessesHad assisted in the colonisation of ZimbabweStations built and clinics builtWere growing own cropsRapid success after Ndebele had fallenAppointed some African catechists at some Chiefs’ court[ii] FailuresFew people converted to ChristianityNot many roads createdShortage of drugsSome chased out of the country-CoillardSome missions abandoned e,g PandamatenkaSome missionaries killed eg, Bernard MizekiAfrican religion remained strong(Nov 2010)64.(a)Name any three pioneer missionaries and any three pioneer mission stations in Zimbabwe during the 19th century. (6) Pioneer Missionaries: John Smith Moffat, M.Thomas Morgan, Father Bartholomew KrootCharles Helm, Bernard Mizeki, Madzima SamuelPioneer Mission Stations:Inyathi, Hope FountainMorgenster Mission, Empandenichishawasha(b).What problems were faced by pioneer missionaries in their work in Zimbabwe during the 19th Century? (11)Cultural differences –e,g Christianity had difficulties in converting peopleDistrusted as they preached against customs such as killing twins, polygamy, caste system and raiding systemCommunication problems-differences in languageLack of supplies of European goods-food, medicine, tools, clothesTropical diseases such as malariaHostility of local peopleKilling of converts or exiling them, eg in the Ndebele KingdomWarfare and raiding created fear among the missionariesLack of roads-transport difficultiesBeing embroiled in local politics e,g succession disputesManpower shortagesAssociated with colonisersClimatic conditionsLiteracyCompetition with other religionsAttack from wild animalsCommunication with mother countriesKilling of missionaries(c).To what extent were the missionaries able to solve these problems at that time? (8)Teaching native children to read and write, learning native languages aided communication and preachingClearing roadsFriendship with local chiefsBuilding clinics for curing tropical diseasesGrowing crops for foodTraining of African catechistsTranslating of books into vernacularPromoting colonization UnsolvedAfricans still attached to their traditional religion and cultureNdebele till cherished caste and raiding systemsRoads and telephones still rareAfricans suspicious of Europeans or Missionaries. [June 2011]65[a].Name any six mission stations established in Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [6]Empandeni, Hope Fountain, Inyathi, Chishawasha, MorgensterChivi, Matibi, Mposi, Zimuto, Hartzel, Howard, Mount SelindaSt Augustine, St Dominics, Mutambara, Nhowe, Bernad Mizeki[b].Outline the work of the London Missionary Society (LMS) in Matabeleland in the 19th Century. [11]In 1859 J S Moffat established Inyathi missionLMS opened Hope Fountain in 1870, at the missions the missionaries taught and preached, grew their own foodJ S Moffat signed the Moffat Treaty with Lobengula in Feb 1888Rev C Helm persuaded Lobengula to sign the Rudd Concession in Oct 1888Missionaries in Matabeleland encouraged trade between Ndebele and whitesEstablished schools, hospitals and churchesConverted Ndebele into ChristianityRepaired the king’s guns, wrote king’s letters, treated the sickDiscouraged and undermined African religion and traditionTaught Ndebeles new skilss such as carpentry, woodwork, metalwork etcActe as interpreters (translators)Promoted literacy (Ndebele were taught how to read and write) [c].How important was the role played by the LMS in the colonisation of Zimbabwe?Role played by LMS in colonisation of Zimbabwe.In Feb 188, J S Moffat signed the Moffat Treaty on behalf of Rhodes. Lobengula agreed to cancel the Grobler treatyOct 1888 Rev C Helm influenced Lobengula into signing the Rudd ConcessionC Helm recommende the destruction of the Ndebele stateMissionaries hosted uropean visitors from EuropeMissionary road became gateway into the interior of Southern AfricaOther factorsInfluence of explorers, hunters, traders and other ambitious peopleRhodes’ Cape to Cairo dreamTo exploit mineral resources(second rand expectedin zim)Prestige, needs for markets and raw materialsNeed to invest surplus capital, new technology enabled the British to control foreign landsCompetition among the Boers, Portuguese and GermansAvailability of cheap labour in ZimbabweFertile lands and favourable climatic conditions for European settlement [Nov 2011]66.[a]. State any six reasons why the local people resisted missionary influence in Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [6]Missionary formal education was meaningless to African way of lifeLack of material gainsDid not want to abandon their traditional religionFeared their trade would be disturbedDid not want to learn a new langugeChristianity denounced aspects such as raidingAttacked African administrative systemsSuspected missionaries of having colonial aimsInfluence from traditional leaders / religious leadersInfluence of islamWhites blamed for natural calamities eg Drought, diseases,fever [b].Outline the ways ised by local people to resist missionary influence in Zimbabwe between 1850 and 1900. [11]Moved far away from missionary settlementsContinued to practise traditional religionRaids continuedRefused to attend schoolsKilled some missionariesRefused to give food to missionariesAccused some missionaries of spiesPunished or killed potential convertsAccused missionaries of using forbidden routesExpulsion of missionariesSome Africans continued to follow islamSome continued to trade with MuslimsMovement of missionaries was restricted.Refused to work for the missionariesAfrican leaders discouraged people from attending churches. [c].Were these people successful in resisting missionary influence at that time? Explain your answer. [8].SuccessesMany people not convertedFew people attended schoolsKilled some missionariesSome converts were killedRefused to learn the new languageExpulsion of missionariesSome point s in B applies. FailuresHospitals were builtSome people were convertedOther people were educatedMission stations were establishedSchools were builtAll missionary successes were failures by Africans to resist. ALL NOTES FOR ALL SUBJECTS QUICK LINKS:AGRICULTURE O LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS A LEVELBAM NOTES A LEVELBASIC MATH O LEVELBIOLOGY O/A LEVELBOOK KEEPING O LEVELCHEMISTRY O/A LEVELCIVICS O LEVELCOMPUTER(ICT) O/A LEVELECONOMICS A LEVELENGLISH O/A LEVELCOMMERCE O/A LEVELACCOUNTING A LEVELGENERAL STUDIES NOTESGEOGRAPGY O/A LEVELHISTORY O/A LEVELKISWAHILI O/A LEVELPHYSICS O/A LEVELMOCK EXAMINATION PAPERSNECTA PAST PAPERS History Study Notes HistoryPost navigationPrevious postNext postRelated Posts Form 6 History 2 Study Notes FORM 6 HISTORY 2 – THE RISE OF SOCIALISM November 11, 2018February 13, 2019ALL NOTES FOR ALL SUBJECTS QUICK LINKS: AGRICULTURE O LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS A LEVEL BAM NOTES A LEVEL BASIC MATH O LEVEL BIOLOGY O/A LEVEL BOOK KEEPING O LEVEL CHEMISTRY O/A LEVEL CIVICS O LEVEL COMPUTER(ICT) O/A LEVEL ECONOMICS A LEVEL ENGLISH O/A LEVEL COMMERCE O/A LEVEL ACCOUNTING A LEVEL… Read More Form 5 History 1 Study Notes FORM 5 HISTORY 1 – FROM COLONIALISM TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1880S-1914) November 11, 2018February 13, 2019ALL NOTES FOR ALL SUBJECTS QUICK LINKS: AGRICULTURE O LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS A LEVEL BAM NOTES A LEVEL BASIC MATH O LEVEL BIOLOGY O/A LEVEL BOOK KEEPING O LEVEL CHEMISTRY O/A LEVEL CIVICS O LEVEL COMPUTER(ICT) O/A LEVEL ECONOMICS A LEVEL ENGLISH O/A LEVEL COMMERCE O/A LEVEL ACCOUNTING A LEVEL… Read More Form 5 History 1 Study Notes FORM 5 HISTORY 1 – INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES AND THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE November 11, 2018February 13, 2019ALL NOTES FOR ALL SUBJECTS QUICK LINKS: AGRICULTURE O LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS A LEVEL BAM NOTES A LEVEL BASIC MATH O LEVEL BIOLOGY O/A LEVEL BOOK KEEPING O LEVEL CHEMISTRY O/A LEVEL CIVICS O LEVEL COMPUTER(ICT) O/A LEVEL ECONOMICS A LEVEL ENGLISH O/A LEVEL COMMERCE O/A LEVEL ACCOUNTING A LEVEL… Read More Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. 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