NUMBERS

What is numbers?

Numbers are symbols or words which represent quantity of something for example in form 1B there are forty four students.

i.e.  44 students

The numbers are represented by symbols called numerals.
Each symbol in a numeral is called a digit.
E.g.  In 256 there are three digits 2, 5, and 6.
There are ten digits which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Each digit in a numeral has a value called place value.
Example in 316,  6 is called ones and can be written as 6  1 ,  1 is called tens and is written as 1  10 and 3 is called hundreds written as  3  100.
Therefore 316 can be written as 3  100 +1 x 10 + 6 1 this form is called expanded form.

 
 

The system where numbers are in groups of ten is called base ten numerations or decimal system numeration.The place value of every digit in decimal system numeration is ten times the place value of the next to the right.

Table of place values:-

  Exercise 1.1

1.  Write each of the following numbers in expanded form:-

 (a)   94 = 

 (b)  7019  = 

 (c)  50   =  

 (d)  303  = 

 (e)  5003   = 

 (f)   500    = 

 (g)  999  =   

 (h)   5 =

 (i)   5000  =

 
 

2. Find the place value of the following:-

            (a)  513 (1)

                  The place value of 1 is           

(b)   357999 (5)

The place value of 5 is

(c)   50149  (5)

The place value of 5 is

(d)  8665 (8)

The place value of 8 is

(e)   227 (7)

The place value of 7 is 

(f)   900412  (4)

The place value of 4 is               

 
 

3)  Write the numerals for each of the following:-

(a)   9 100 + 0  10 + 1 1

 
 

(b)  5  10000 + 5  1000 + 5  100 + 5  10 + 5  1

(c) 6  100000 + 8  10000 + 0  1000 + 1 100 + 7  10 + 0  1

                                  
 

(d)  5 100 + 0  10 + 1  1

 
 

1:2 NATURAL AND WHOLE NUMBERS

Natural numbers

Natural numbers are the ones that begin with 1,2, 3 to infinity.

They are counting number, they are denoted by N

Number line of natural numbers.

                              

Whole numbers

Are the ones that begin by 0, 1, 2,   3,    to infinity?  They are denoted by W, in a number line.

  

 
 

Even, odd and prime numbers:-

Even: are natural numbers which are divisible by 2 without remainder.

Example: – 2,   4, 6, 8, 10, 12.

Odd:-

Odd numbers are natural numbers which are not divisible by 2, when they are divided by 2 they give remainder, so the answer is not a natural numbers.

E.g:  1, 3, 5,  7,  9,  11…………………………………………

Prime numbers:-

Prime numbers are natural numbers which are divisible by one and by themselves.  They are the ones with only two factors.

E.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 …………………..

 
 

Numbers up to one billion:

 
 

                EXERCISE  1:2

1.   For the given numbers below, write down which are:-

     (a)Even    (b)Prime  (c)Odd
9,12,15,17,25,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71.

2.   Write down the prime numbers between 70 and 90.

3.  Write down a number which is even and prime

4.  Among the numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13.What is not a prime number?

5. Show even, odd, and prime numbers less than 10 on separate number

6.   (a)  Given any point as a number on a number line for N or W.

                  Can you always name another one to the right of it?

7.   Given any two points as numbers one after another on a number line for N or W.  Can you find the whole numbers between them?

8.   Do the points representing N and W on a number line completely fill the number line?

9.   How does N differ from W.

More examples

1.   Write the following numerals in words:-

(a)   72   –   Seventy two

(b)  10368  –    Ten thousand three hundred and sixty eight.

(c)  1152    –  One thousand one hundred and fifty two.

(d) 144    –    One hundred and forty four.

(e) 573921 –   Five hundred and seventy three thousand nine hundred and twenty one

(f) 952675   –  Nine hundred and fifty two thousand six hundred and seventy five

(g) 105, 451, 225  –   One hundred and five million, four hundred and fifty one Thousand, two hundred and twenty five

2.  Express the statement in numerals:-

     Nine billion eight hundred million and two hundred  =  9,800,000,200.

3. Write down the largest four digit number  = 9,999.

4.  Write down the largest four digit number when the digits are not repeating =9876.

5. Write down the smallest three – digit number without using a zero = 111

6.  Change the order of the digits in 47986 to make:

            (a)  The largest possible number = 98764

            (b)  The smallest possible number = 46789   

7.  Write down the number with 6 in the hundred place, 9 in the tens place, 0 in the thousands place, 4 in the units place and 3 in the ten thousands place.  30,694    

8.  Write down next three counting numbers after 6999.

            7000, 7001, 7002

9.   Write the numbers in words:-

(a)  6054 – Six thousand and fifty four

(b)  3,250,000 –   Three million two hundred and fifty thousand.

(c)  106,000  –    One hundred and six thousand

(d)  100,600  –   One hundred thousand and six hundred.

(e)   100,006  –   One hundred thousand and six.

(f)  205,020  –  Two hundred and five thousand and twenty.

(g) 2,415,982,728 –  Two billion, four hundred and fifteen million, nine hundred and eighty two thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight.
       

10. Write in numerals:-

            (a)  Six hundred seventy five   -675

            (b) Four hundred and five   – 405

            (c)  Three thousand and sixteen  – 316

            (d) Eight thousand and sixteen   – 8016

            (e) One hundred thirty seven thousand two hundred and fourteen – 137214

            (f) One million five hundred thousand  – 1,500,000

            (g) Two million twenty three  –  2,000,023

            (h) Nineteen thousand and forty five  – 19,045

            (i) One billion fourteen million two hundred and fifteen thousand  –  1,014,215,000

Operations with whole numbers:-

There are four operations which are addition, subtraction , multiplication and division.

Addition (plus) (+):-

Horizontal addition

E.g.  254 + 369 =623

        14796 + 230 + 14 =15030

Vertical addition:-

      

  The answer obtained after adding is called sum.

Subtraction ( – ) (minus):-

Horizontal subtraction

E.g.        2349610   –   1396789 =952821

              129   – 98   =31

The answer obtained after subtracting numbers is called Difference.           

Vertical subtraction:-

      
                                                                                                      

Multiplication /Times (x)

a  b = c

a = Multiplicant

b = Multiplier

c = Product

There are two types of Multiplication

Horizontal multiplication

E.g   2486  7 = 17402

E.g   126  8    = 1008

Vertical – multiplication:-

  

The number that multiplies is called Multiplier
The number to be multiplied is called multiplicand
The answer obtained after multiplication is called product.

 
 

   DIVISION   (÷) 
a÷b=c
a = dividend

b = divisor

c = quotient

Short division

 

Long or vertical division

Q = 735 remainder 4

 
 

The number that divides is called divisor

The number to be divided is called dividend.

The answer obtained after division is called Quotient.

The left over upon division is called Remainder.

e.g.  29 ÷ 6 =

              

              

Word problems on whole numbers

1. E.g In a school garden there are four rows of cabbage with 12 in each row, six rows of tomatoes with eight in each row.

     How many plants of each kind are there?  

            Solution:-

            1 row  =          12 cabbage

            4 rows            =          x

            x   = 12 cabbages x 4 rows

            x   =   48 cabbages

            1 row = 8 tomatoes

            6 row = x

            X = 8 tomatoes x 6 rows

            X  =  48 tomatoes

            There are 48 cabbages plants

            48 tomatoes plants

 
 

2.         Two thousand four hundred shillings are deposited by a teacher each month, How much is this after two years?

            Solution:-

            2400shs = I month

            1 year = 12 months

            2 yrs = 24 months

            2400shs x 24 months

            ∴ = 576000/=

 
 

     More examples

    

2.    28782 – 2784 + 294.

            Solution:-

       

Will the sums of the following be even or odd:-

5.    Two numbers which are Odd.
       The answer must be even.

6.  Two numbers which are even.

            Even numbers

7.  An odd and even number

Odd numbers

8.  Any two odd numbers.

 Even numbers

9.  Use  horizontal way to find products in questions:-

1.  128 x 5 = 640
2. 195  9 = 1755
3. 17289 2 = 34578

10.  Use long multiplication method to evaluate:-

249752  8921

         Solution:-

         

11. Find the product and quotient of the following

(a)       247 x 100

            Soln:-

         
Revision exercise

1.         In a school garden there are 4 rows of carrots with 10 in each row .

            How many plants are there? 

2.  Six students were given 96,000 shillings to share equally.  How many shillings did each student get?      

3.  The cost of one kilogram of sugar is 700 shillings and Juma buys 8 kgs of sugar.

            How much did cost him?

4.  Richard sold 240 copies of the daily news paper for 300 shillings each, 198 pieces of the Uhuru news paper for 200 shillings and 6 sports magazine for 500 shillings each.  How much did he collect in all?

5.  There are 17 streams in a school, each stream has 35 pupils.  How many pupils are there in the school.

6.  A page of a book has 36 lines.  If each line contains 14 words, how many words are these if the book has 250 pages?

      7.   Jim’s school is 13 km from his home.  If he goes to school daily how many kilometers does he travel in 196 days.

8. Each day a school shop collects sh. 75000 from the customers.  If the collection was made for eight days and sh. 275000 of the collected money was used to make a fence for the school.  How much money was left?

9.   A school collects 140 eggs from its poultry farm each day.  Each egg costs 80shillings.  How much money per day does the school earn in selling the eggs?

10.  A school of 900 students has decided to make uniforms for each student.  If a shirt and a pair of trousers need 2 m and 1.5 m respective,  How much of each material of cloth will the school need so as to give uniforms to all students.

      SOLUTIONS

  Qn 1.

    Qn 2.
     
     Qn 3.

  
  Qn 4.

    Qn 5.

     Qn 6.

      
Qn 7.

       Qn 8.

Qn 9.
Qn 10.
        

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
The order of priority is often given by the word BODMAS to mean

B rackets
O rders
D ivision
M ultiplication
A ddition
S  ubtraction

so first perform any operation in brackets, Then any use of orders division or multiplication followed by Addition or subtraction
Example : evaluate the following

(a)  12 + 4 x2 = 12 + (4×2)
                         =  12 + 8
        12 + 4 x 2     = 20 

(b) 20 ÷ 2 + 3 = (20 ÷ 2) + 3
                            = 10 + 3
              20÷2 + 3  = 13
(c) 4 x 3 + 7 x 2 = (4 x3) + (7 x2)
                                 = 12 + 14
                                  = 26

1:4 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES OF NUMBERS

When a number divides exactly into another number, it is called a factor of a second number.

The second number is called a multiple of the first numbers.

e.g 16 ÷ 8 = 2 So 2 is the factor of 16 and 16 is the multiple of 2.  Other factors of 16 are 8, 4, 1 and 16.

In general one (1) is a factor of every number and each number is a factor of itself.

– Factors of a number are numbers less than the given number.

– Factors are finite, and divisors of the given number.

– Multiple are number greater than the given number.

-They are infinite and dividend of a particular number.

            E.g Factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36
Multiple of 3=3,6,9,12,15,18,21,242,730………….

PRIME FACTORIZATION

Is the process of writing numbers using their prime factors we use the short division in writing / factorization.

E.g Write the following as the product of their prime factors.
     
    

 ∴24=2×2×2×3

∴48=2×2×2×2×3

∴420=2×2×3×5×7

∴360=2×2×2×3×3×5

 
 

THE LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM)

LCM is the short form of lowest or least common multiple .

E.g     2 = 2, 4  6  8 , 10, 12,  14,  16,  18,  20,  22,  24-……………

          3 =  3,  6,  9,  12  15,  18,  21,  24  27,  ……………….

        Common multiples are = (6, 12, 18, and 24)

            LCM    = 6

E.g   Find the lowest common multiples of 9, 18, 24

Soln

 9  =  9,  18,  27,  36,  45,  54,  63,  72,  81,  90,  99,  108,  117,  126………….

18 = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198…………………………

27 = 27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162, 189………………………………….

 Common multiples are={54,108….}
The least common multiples=54

PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS

There are five properties of whole numbers.

1.   Closure property (law)

When two or more whole numbers are operated by adding or multiplying the answer is also a whole numbers.

That is if a and b are whole numbers.  Then a + b = c.  C is also a whole number.  a x b = d     d is also a whole number.

            E.g   4 + 6 = 10

                   3  5 = 15

2.   Commutative property:-

            If a and b are whole numbers.

             Then (i) a + b = b + a

                      (ii) a b = b  a

            E.g 3 + 4 = 7

                   4 + 3 = 7

            Implies:  3 + 4 = 4 + 3

                             a+b=b+a

                           9  6 = 54

                          6  9 = 54

                      a  b = b  a

3.  Association property:-

            If a + b & c are whole number. 

 Then (i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

            (ii)  (a  b) c = a  ( b x c)

            E.g   (2+3)+4=5+4
                                =9
                    2+(3+4)=2+7
                                =9

            Implies:  (2+3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)
                             (a + b) + c = a + (b+c)

                   E.g.  (4  2)  5 = 8  5
                                      = 40
                       4 (25) = 4  10
                                      =40

            Implies (4  2) 5 = 4 (2  5)
                         (a x b) x c = a x (b x c)

 
 

4.  Distributive property:-

            If a, b, and c are whole numbers, then
          a x (b+c) = (a  b) + (a  c)

            E.g 4 (6 + 9) = 4  15 = 60
                         4(6+9)=(4×6)+(4×9)
                                   =24+36
                                   =60

            Implies:  4  (6  9) = (4  6) + (4  9)
                             a x (b+c) = (a  b) + (a  c)

 
 

5. Identity property:-

            If A  is a whole number,

            Then (i) a + 0 = 0 + a = a

            0 is called an identity of addition

            (ii)  a  1 = 1  a = a

            1 is called and identity of multiplication.

 
 

  Exercise 1:5
1. Match the property in left column and right column  then name the property

 Left hand column                     Right hand column

(a) 2 + (3 +5)                              (h) (2+3) + 5

(b) 1+ (2 +3 )                              (i) (2 + 2) + 1

(c)  2+ (2 +1 )                              (j) (8 +4 ) + 4

(d)  4+ (3 +5 )                              (k)  (1 + 2 ) + 3

(e)  1 + (1 +3)                              (l)  (3 + 5) + 4

(f)  8 + (4 +4)                              (m) (1 + 1) + 3

(g) (1 + 3) + 1                             (n)  1 + (1 + 3)

 solution

a   and   h   have Associative property

b   and   k   have Commutative property

c   and   I   have Associative property

e   and  m have Commutative property

f   and  j   have Associative property

g   and  n   have Commutative property.

 
 

2.   By using properties of whole numbers give reasons why each of the following two expressions are equal.

            (a) 5 + (6 + 7) = (7 + 6) + 5

– The answer to the two expressions will be the same because they numbers have commuted.

(b)   (8 + 3) + 4  = 8 + ( 4 + 3)

– When you solve this you will get the same answer because of the exchange of the numbers.

(c)   5 + (2 + 1 ) = 1 + ( 3 + 2)

–  In this expression, we have seen that they are two different expressions so you cannot get the same answer from the two.

(d)    (5 + 3) + 2  = 3 + ( 2 + 5)

– In this two expression you can get the same answer because only the position of numbers and brackets as the one that has changed.

3.  Telling / writing equal expressions;-

            (a)  2  (5  3)   = (2  5)  3    –   Associative property

            (b)  4  (3  5)   = (4  3)  4     –   Associative property

            (c) 2  (4 7)   = 7 (2  4)   –   Associative property

            (d)    3  (2  2)   = 3  (2 2)  3    –   Commutative property

            (e)   (3  2)  6 = 16  (2  2)    –   Commutative property

            (f)        (3  2)  3 = (2  3)  3  –   Commutative property

4.  Why is it permitted to write 3 x 2 x 5 x 9 without any brackets?

Because even if they are written without brackets they don’t destroy the meaning of the question / statement.

5. Express each of the following in the form of (a x b ) + (a x c)

            (a) 2  (3 + 5)
             = (2  3) + 2 5)

            (b)  4  (3 + 10)
               = (4  3) + 4 10)

            (c)  2 x(3 + 7)
            = (2  3) + 2  7)

            (d) 4  (3 + 1)
               = (4  3) + 4 1)

6.  Express each of the following in the form a x (b + c)
           (a)  (2  5 ) + 2  3)
                      = 2  (5 + 3)

           (b) (5  3) + 5  7)
                      = 5  (3 + 7)   

           (c) (2 1) + (2  3)
                       = 2  (3 + 7)

           (d)  (7  3) + (7  1)
                  = 7 ((3 + 1)

7. Calculate the following:–

            (a) 14  5 + 16 – 4 = 82

            (b) 36  72 ÷ 4 =  648

            (c) (144 + 20) x 48 + 4 ÷ 2 = 7872

            (d) 24  (10 + 54) + 8 = 192.

 1:5 INTEGERS

The integers are whole numbers from negative infinity to positive infinity. They are denoted by Z.

The order of the size of the number 1, 2, 3, 4……. Can be represented as points on a number line

Starting from 0 to the right and other numbers from 0 to the left

Number line for Z

 

If we want to know which number is larger than the other we have to consider which one is to the right or left

 
 

Consider the following

     

e.g. write down all the integers between -5 and 4

Solution

   

Example: present on a number line

-3  Z  5

 -2    -1   0   1    2    3    4

-3  Z  5

  -3 -2 -1  0  1   2   3   4

 
 

Operation with integers

Integers can be operated using number lines except for division

Addition

Addition of integers

RULE1:To add a negative integer you move to the left on the number line.
Example
-2+-5=-7
Start at -2 move 5 steps to the left or Star at 0 move 2 steps to the left then-5 steps to the left

                               
                                                             OR
                

RULE2:To add a positive integer you move to right on number line.
Example
-4+(+6)=+12
Start at -4 move 6 steps to the right
                       
                                                               OR
Start at 0 move 4 steps to the left then 6t  steps to the right
                 
+3+(+4)=7
Start at +3 move 4 steps to the right
               
-4+-6=-10
Start at -4 move 6 steps to the left
                  

Subtraction  of integers      
Subtraction of positive integers gives the same result as addition of integers
RULE 1
To substract a positive integer you move to the left on the number line.
Example  -4-(+3)=-7
start at -4 move 3 steps to the right

RULE2
To subtract a negative integer you move to the right on the number line
Example
-7-(-3)=-4
Start at -7 move 3 steps to the right
                  
Multiplication
The rules for multiplying are as follows

+×+=+
+×-=-
-×+=-
-×-=+

Division
The rules for division are as follows

+ ÷ += +
+ ÷ –  = –
–  ÷  +  =  –
–  ÷  – =  +
NOTE: The result are similar to the rules of multiplication.
Example:
-36÷6=-6
24÷6=+4
24÷-6=-4
-24÷6=-4
-24÷-6=4